Throat Cancer – Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, Cost & Recovery

Throat cancer is the development of malignant tumors in the pharynx (throat) or larynx (voice box). Throat cancer affects the pharynx and larynx and develops when abnormal cell growth starts in the thin, flat squamous cells that surround these important tissues. Laryngeal cancer, which affects the voice box, primarily affects men aged 55 and older, with a five-year survival rate that ranges from 46% to 72%. Oropharyngeal cancer, which affects the throat behind the mouth, is more common in men aged 63 and older, with a 50% five-year survival rate. You can read to get details about throat cancer treatment, cost, causes etc.

The American Cancer Society predicts that in 2023, there will be 20,070 new cases of pharyngeal cancer and 12,380 new instances of laryngeal cancer. Throat cancer can develop in any of these regions, affecting processes such as swallowing, speaking, and breathing. Previously diagnosed primarily in people over the age of 55, the surge in HPV-related cases is making it increasingly common in younger people.

What are the types of Throat Cancer?

Throat cancer is divided into multiple categories based on the location of abnormal cell growth in the throat. Types of Throat Cancer include:

Nasopharyngeal Cancer: This is a rare cancer that begins behind the nose in the nasopharynx.
Oropharyngeal Cancer: The middle region of the pharynx is commonly located in the back of the mouth, tonsils, base of the tongue, and soft palate.
Hypopharyngeal Cancer (Laryngopharyngeal Cancer): This type of cancer affects the lowest region of the pharynx, immediately above the esophagus and windpipe.
Glottic Cancer:A type of laryngeal cancer originating in the vocal cords, specifically in the central region of the larynx. It accounts for more than half of all laryngeal cancers.
Supraglottic Cancer:This type of cancer develops in the top region of the voice box, including the epiglottis, a cartilage that prevents food from entering the windpipe.
Subglottic Cancer: A type of cancer that develops in the bottom region of the voice box, below the vocal cords.

What are the Symptoms of Throat Cancer?

Throat cancer appears with a variety of signs and symptoms that can affect different parts of the throat. The common signs of throat cancer include:

Persistent Sore Throat
Difficulty Swallowing (Dysphagia)
Changes in Voice (Hoarseness)
Lumps in Throat or Neck
Ear Pain
Persistent Cough, Possibly with Blood
Unexplained Weight Loss

What are the Causes of Throat Cancer?

Throat cancer develops when genetic abnormalities in throat cells cause uncontrolled growth and development, resulting in tumor formation. Some of the causes of throat cancer are:

Tobacco Use: Smoking or using tobacco products, including chewing and snuff, increases the risk greatly. Tobacco use is the single greatest risk factor for head and neck cancers, which include throat cancer.
Alcohol Consumption: Excessive and regular alcohol consumption is closely associated with increased susceptibility in the case of laryngeal and pharyngeal cancers.
Human Papillomavirus (HPV): Certain strains of HPV, especially oropharyngeal HPV, lead to the development of throat cancer. Approximately 1% of men and women are infected with the HPV virus, which is linked to throat cancer.
Other Viral Infections: The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) may be a risk factor.
Poor Diet: Nutritional deficiencies and a diet lacking in fruits and vegetables can increase the chance of developing throat cancer.
Family History: A family history of cancer, particularly head and neck cancer, may raise the risk of throat cancer.
Environmental Exposures: Exposure to asbestos and certain compounds, such as acid mists in specific manufacturing processes, can increase the risk.
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD): Chronic acid reflux may be a factor in gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).
HPV Transmission: HPV, which is transmitted through oral sex, is a major cause of oropharyngeal cancer, accounting for more than 70% of cases.

What is the Diagnosis of Throat Cancer in India?

Several diagnostic steps are used to detect irregularities and evaluate the extent of the problem when diagnosing throat cancer. Doctors use various types of tests and examinations, such as:

Endoscopy: During an endoscopy, a lighted scope (endoscope) is used to examine the throat carefully. It is used to recognize abnormalities in the throat. A laryngoscope may also be used to examine the voice cords.
Biopsy: If any irregularities are found, surgical instruments are inserted through the scope to obtain tissue samples. The gathered samples are transported to a laboratory for pathologists to examine thoroughly. Testing may involve determining the presence of HPV, which may influence treatment options.
Imaging Exams: Positron Emission Tomography (PET), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), and Computerized Tomography (CT). These tests help in treatment planning by determining the extent of cancer below the surface of the neck or voice box.
Physical Examination: An extensive evaluation is done with an emphasis on symptoms and risk factors to obtain information regarding symptoms, medical history, and relevant risk factors.
Laryngopharyngoscopy and Pharyngoscopy: A scope is used to examine the throat, larynx, and areas behind the nose. Visualization of the throat in detail to detect problems.
Blood tests: Blood samples are taken for general health evaluation and to evaluate overall health and rule out diseases that may resemble the signs of throat cancer.
Ultrasound: It is used to detect dense formations and assist in diagnosis.
X-rays: X-rays, including barium swallow treatments, prove essential to monitoring overall health and detecting probable lung metastases in the diagnosis of throat cancer.
MRI Scan: MRI scans, which use magnets and radio waves to create complex images of the neck, help in accurate diagnosis and precise identification of cancer extent.
PET Scan: PET-CT scans with radioactive chemicals injected play an important role in diagnosing metastasis and guiding treatment options by providing information about disease spread in throat cancer diagnosis.

What are the different stages of Throat Cancer?

When throat cancer is diagnosed, an in-depth assessment of its extent, known as staging, is required to identify appropriate treatment methods. The stages run from 0 to IV, with each having unique characteristics:

Stage 0 (In Situ): Malignant cell growth with abnormal cell formation.
Stage 1:Tumor is confined to the initial location, is less than 2 cm in size, and does not affect lymph nodes.
Stage 2:Tumor between 2 and 4 cm in diameter with no lymph node involvement.
Stage 3: The tumor has grown larger than 4 cm or has migrated to a tiny adjacent lymph node.
Stage 4: Cancer has spread to neighboring tissues, larger or distant lymph nodes, or other body regions such as the lungs.

What are the Different Treatment Options for Throat Cancer in India?

Throat cancer treatment in India needs a comprehensive and personalized approach that includes a variety of methods to deal with a wide range of patients. Radiation therapy, surgery, chemotherapy, targeted medication therapy, immunotherapy, and post-treatment rehabilitation are the fundamental steps of treatment.

Radiation Therapy: At the cutting edge of treatment, radiation therapy involves high-energy beams that are administered externally through brachytherapy. It can be used alone for minor cancers and in combination with surgery or chemotherapy for more advanced cases.
Surgery: From minimally invasive endoscopic procedures to major interventions such as laryngectomy or pharyngectomy, surgery plays an important role in removing cancerous tissue. Selections are affected by factors such as tumor size and location.
Chemotherapy: It involves medications that decrease cancer cell growth, and is often combined with radiation therapy. This integrated method improves efficacy but necessitates careful evaluation of the potential negative effects.
Targeted Drug Therapy: As demonstrated by medications such as cetuximab, targeted therapy concentrates on specific cancer cell abnormalities, allowing for a more precise intervention. It can be used independently or as part of a larger system.
Immunotherapy: Immunotherapy is an innovative approach that tries to improve the immune system’s ability to attack cancer.
Post-Treatment Rehabilitation: Rehabilitation after treatment is needed for dealing with difficulties caused by therapy. Speech pathologists and physiotherapists work together to improve survivors’ quality of life.

What are the risk factors associated with Throat Cancer Treatment in India?

Throat cancer treatment in India, despite offering advanced medical approaches, is not without risks. Some of the risks associated with throat cancer treatment in India are:

Side Effects of Radiation and Chemotherapy:

Fatigue, nausea, and hair loss are all possible side effects.
Impact on healthy tissues, resulting in swallowing difficulties or voice changes.

Complications of Surgery:

Bleeding, infection, and changes in speech or swallowing are all risks.
Thorough pre-operative evaluations and post-operative care must be provided.

Speech and Swallowing Difficulties:

Surgery and radiation can have an impact on the vocal cords and throat function.
Speech therapy and comprehensive rehabilitation are important.

Risks of Immunotherapy:

Possible immune-related side effects.
Vigilant observation and timely action are required.

Long-Term Health Considerations:

The risk of cancer recurrence and the long-term repercussions of treatment.
Follow-ups and inspections regularly for early detection and management.

What is the Success Rate of Throat Cancer Treatment in India?

Throat cancer treatment in India has made significant advancements, with a survival rate of over 90% for 5 years or more after diagnosis. Personalized care is ensured by a comprehensive treatment approach that includes surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy. The incorporation of new treatments through clinical trials demonstrates India’s dedication to improving throat cancer treatment, providing patients with not only survival but also an enhanced standard of life.

What is the Cost of Throat Cancer Treatment in India?

Throat cancer treatment in India normally costs between USD 2,700 and USD 11,000, depending on factors such as the procedure’s complexity and the hospital’s location. Pre-surgery evaluations, post-operative care, and additional treatments such as radiation or chemotherapy may incur additional costs. India’s healthcare system offers a low-cost option with high-quality medical treatments.

Top Hospitals for Throat Cancer Treatment in India

Several top hospitals in India are well-known for their skill in treating throat cancer. These hospitals have cutting-edge facilities, experienced medical teams, and cutting-edge technology. Patients seeking the most effective care for throat cancer might inquire into these top hospitals, which use a multidisciplinary approach to thorough diagnosis, treatment, and post-operative care.

Medanta – The Medicity, Gurugram
Artemis Hospital Gurugram
Max Super Speciality Hospital, Saket, New Delhi
HCG Cancer Centre, Bangalore
Paras Hospital Gurugram
Manipal Hospital Dwarka, New Delhi
Fortis Memorial Research Institute (FMRI) Gurugram
Indraprastha Apollo Hospital, New Delhi
BLK-Max Super Speciality Hospital, New Delhi

Best Doctors for Throat Cancer Treatment in India

There are skilled doctors in India who specialize in throat cancer treatment. These doctors are well-known for their expertise and use a patient-centered approach, using the latest and most modern developments in medical research. These doctors and nurses play an essential part in the successful management of throat cancer cases by focusing on tailored care and comprehensive treatment techniques.